Thanks @Stephen L Rose, I guess I should have asked a better question 🙂 I was more curious exactly what @Weslleyy did to resolve it for them.
In my case, no matter how I launch the OneDrive client (OneDrive.exe directly, /background, or /thfirstsetup) the silent sign-in will not complete automatically until exactly 20 minutes after it is launched. If I exit OneDrive and relaunch it, it will immediately sign-in... If I disable the AppVolumes service, OneDrive works without issue.